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Language Comparison

Programming languages now are used for calculating the actions of machines (very often a computer). Unlike human languages, the programming language has syntactic or semantic rules using a define meaning.

The language, C is the most basic language in the world. C++ is the extension version of it. The main comparison between these two is that C is a Procedural Programming Language but C++ is the object oriented programming language. Many more features are included in it. The main feature of C++ is the object and class which isn't present in the C language. C is weak than that of C++ of the globe of programming languages.

Perl and Pascal are another two languages of the programming world. Pascal is static while Perl are dynamic programming language. Pascal is a language like C or C++ while Perl is a language like PHP or .Net.

Ruby and Python another keys of the programming languages. These are almost same but the main comparison between these two is Python follows compilation while Ruby follows interpretation.

There are popular languages called Java. In 1995 there are another programming languages releases called JavaScript. These languages are totally different. Java is one of the object oriented programming languages while JavaScript is web scripting programming languages.

Another comparison takes place between .Net and PHP. Both are used to develop websites. .Net is not free but PHP is the most popular open source languages nowadays in the world. PHP may cross plat-formed but .Net may not. The hosting cost of PHP is less than .Net.

There may thousands of such programming languages and latest ones may create every year. A few languages become sufficiently accepted that they are using more than the few people, but a lot of professional programmers use dozen of special languages of their career.


Categories

Object Oriented

 
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Links
  • Sun's Comparison of Language Features
    Table graphic, uses good-fair-poor metric, compares Java, Smalltalk, Tcl, Perl, Shells, C, C++.
    http://www.npac.syr.edu/users/gcf/cps616java96/foilsepimagedir/023IMAGE.html
  • Survey of Programming Languages Associated with the Web
    General feature comparisons, explanations.
    http://faculty.frostburg.edu/cosc/htracy/cosc120/MODULES120/NetPL/PL_Net.htm
  • Simple Programs in Various Different Programming Languages
    Common algorithms and other sample code in the languages: Bash and Bourne shells, C/C++, Java, MATLAB/Octave, Perl, Python, Ruby, Scheme.
    http://cer.freeshell.org/renma/
  • Ruby Versus Nine Object-Oriented Languages
    Compares Ruby, Objective-C, Smalltalk-80, C++, Java, Python, CLOS, Perl5, PHP, Dylan.
    http://www.approximity.com/ruby/Comparison_rb_st_m_java.html
  • The ROT13 Page
    ROT13 implemented in many programming languages.
    http://www.miranda.org/~jkominek/rot13/
  • Syntax Across Languages
    Operator names and syntax elements in various programming languages.
    http://merd.net/pixel/language-study/syntax-across-languages.html
  • Team Eiffel: The Zen of Python, Part I
    Text compares Python and Eiffel, via Tim Peters' Zen rules.
    http://teameiffel.blogspot.com/2006/06/zen-of-python-part-i.html
  • TIOBE Programming Community Index: TPCI
    Updated monthly. Shows language popularity via world-wide availability of skilled engineers, courses, 3rd party vendors. Calculated from search engines Google, MSN, Yahoo.
    http://www.tiobe.com/tpci.htm
  • TMXxine Languages
    Brief comparison Curl with High Level assembler, BCX, Dark Basic, Mono (C#/.Net implementation), Python, Squeak, XBasic/XBlite. Curl applet examples.
    http://www.cyber-shaktipat.org/relax/languages.html
  • Timing Trials, or, the Trials of Timing: Experiments with Scripting and User-Interface Languages
    By Brian Kernighan, Christopher Van Wyk. Compares how fast C, Awk, Perl, Tcl, Java, Visual Basic, Limbo, Scheme, run a range of representative tasks. Text, tables, graphs, code samples.
    http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/bwk/interps/pap.html
  • 1% the Code
    Chuck Moore, father of Forth, says programs can be far smaller in colorForth than C. No code samples.
    http://www.colorforth.com/1percent.html
  • Reasons for TOM
    TOM attempts to address flaws in these languages: C++, Cecil, Common Lisp, Eiffel, Java, Objective-C, Smalltalk.
    http://gerbil.org/tom/doc/why.shtml
  • Ray Tracer Language Comparison
    Mini ray tracer benchmark written equivalently in C++, Java, SML, Objective Caml, Lisp, Scheme. Compares verbosity, performance; text, code samples, tables, image, graph. [Flying Frog Consultancy]
    http://www.ffconsultancy.com/free/ray_tracer/languages.html
  • Programming Language Categories
    Brief text compares 6 basic language types: general scripting, programmer scripting, application development, low-level, pure functional, complete core.
    http://www.cs.oberlin.edu/~jwalker/languageCategories.html
  • Programming Language Comparison
    Table and text compares many features of some popular object-oriented languages: C++, C#, Eiffel, Java, Perl, Python, Ruby, Smalltalk, Visual Basic.
    http://www.jvoegele.com/software/langcomp.html
  • Programming Language Benchmarks
    Compares the same program in Ada, C, Forth, FORTRAN, Java, Lisp, Perl, R, Ruby. Goal: support decisions in language choice for making compute-intensive Web programs. Text, table, code samples.
    http://dan.corlan.net/bench.html
  • Programming Information from HB
    Text descriptions compare C/C++, Java, Pascal, Basic, VeraStream; Oracle; HTML, XML; JavaScript, PHP.
    http://www.cybercomm.nl/~broers/programming.html
  • PLEAC: Programming Language Examples Alike Cookbook
    Suite of common programming problems solved in Ada, C++, Erlang, Guile, Haskell, Java, Masd, merd, NASM, Objective Caml, Perl, Pliant, Python, Ruby, Tcl.
    http://pleac.sourceforge.net/
  • Popular Programming Languages
    Long text table compares many languages by brief descriptions matched to common tasks.
    http://www.scriptol.org/choose.php
  • Programming Languages Mini-howto
    Briefly compares major Linux programming languages: C, C++, Fortran, Java, Lisp, Perl, PHP, Python, Tcl; by Risto S. Varanka.
    http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Programming-Languages.html
  • Qtime Collection, FTP Download, Gzipped
    Display time as English sentence, coded in: AWK, C, ICI, Icon, JavaScript, Lite/mSQL, PHP3, Pike, Python, REBOL, Rexx, Ruby, SLang, Spanner. Tested on only Linux (all) and AmigaOS (C and Rexx versions).
    ftp://www.ibiblio.org/pub/linux/devel/lang/misc/
  • The Quine Page
    Collection of self-reproducing programs: each outputs a copy of its own source code; about 60 languages.
    http://www.nyx.net/~gthompso/quine.htm
  • Python Compared to Other Languages
    Many links to comparisons involving Python.
    http://www.python.org/doc/Comparisons.html
  • Programming Languages Table
    Table showing the approximate number of logical source statements (not physical lines of code) that roughly correlate with a single function point.
    http://www.theadvisors.com/langcomparison.htm
  • Programming Languages Study
    Includes: diagram, history of languages; history of language concepts; syntax across languages; Scriptometer measures scripting ease of languages; mutability and sharing of various values in various languages.
    http://merd.sourceforge.net/pixel/language-study/
  • To VB or Not to VB
    Links to many comparisons: Visual Basic, VB.Net; Delphi, C#.
    http://www.shagrouni.com/english/software/vbnot.html
  • Are Scripting Languages the Wave of the Future?
    Programming guru, Robert Martin, on languages of the coming decade. [ITworld.com] (March 1, 2001)
    http://www.itworld.com/AppDev/1262/itw-0314-rcmappdevint/
  • C#: A Language Alternative or Just J--?, Part 1
    Compares C# to Java, describes features and design trade-offs, places C# in context of broader Microsoft .Net strategy. Text, tables, code samples, links. By Mark Johnson. First article of 2-part series. [JavaWorld] (November, 2000)
    http://www.javaworld.com/javaworld/jw-11-2000/jw-1122-csharp1.html
  • Programmers: Otters with Rocks?
    Discusses historical move from low level languages to higher level interpreted ones, productivity, future developments. Active feedback response. [ZDNet News] (May 9, 2001)
    http://news.zdnet.com/2100-9595_22-529641.html
  • Java vs. C#, a Code-for-Code Comparison
    Compares 2 languages: history, text, code samples. [ExtremeTech] (August 30, 2001)
    http://www.extremetech.com/article2/0,3973,467080,00.asp
  • Is .NET's C Sharper Than C++ or Java?
    By Joe "Zonker" Brockmeier. Text compares a few aspects of C#, Java, C++. [NewsFactor] (January 28, 2003)
    http://www.newsfactor.com/perl/story/20584.html
  • Developer's Dilemma: Perl or PHP?
    By Joe "Zonker" Brockmeier. How to choose between two languages that are both very popular for Web development? Text, forum comments. [NewsFactor] (November 8, 2002)
    http://www.newsfactor.com/perl/story/19912.html
  • C# Strikes a Chord
    Compares 4 languages: C, C++, C#, Java. Shows family genealogy. [Dr. Dobb's Journal] (September 4, 2000)
    http://www.ddj.com/documents/s=875/ddj0065g/
  • The C Family of Languages
    Interview with Dennis Ritchie, Bjarne Stroustrup, James Gosling. (July, 2000)
    http://www.gotw.ca/publications/c_family_interview.htm
  • Quantifying the Debate: Ada vs. C++
    Tables and text compare Ada 83/95, C, C++; mainly costs, reliability. By Donald J. Reifer. [CrossTalk] (July, 1996)
    http://www.stsc.hill.af.mil/crosstalk/1996/07/quantify.asp
  • Programming Language Critiques: Pascal, C, C++, and C-Linda
    Text compares languages on many points; by Jim Basney. (May, 1995)
    http://www.infoplanic.ch/teko/thema/pascal/pashtml/critique.html
  • Is Ada a Better C?
    Compares Ada, C, C++, language facilities under DOS. Copy of article, originally titled "Ada Better Than C++?" Text and code samples. [EXE magazine] (May, 1997)
    http://www.beesknees.freeserve.co.uk/articles/ada-vs-cpp.html
  • Gnat and Linux: C++ and Java Under Fire
    Compares Ada, Java, C, C++, Delphi. Text, tables. Gnat and Linux orientation. [Linux Gazette] (October, 1998)
    http://linuxgazette.net/issue33/burtch.html
  • An Empirical Comparison of C, C++, Java, Perl, Python, Rexx, and Tcl
    By Lutz Prechelt. Neutral, quantitative analysis of 7 languages in title, for 7 variables, via 80 implementations of the same requirement set. PDF format. [IEEE Computer] [PDF] (March 14, 2000)
    http://page.mi.fu-berlin.de/~prechelt/Biblio/jccpprt_computer2000.pdf
  • What I Hate About Your Programming Language
    Text treats general aspects of language choices, then compares hatred of Perl, Python, Ruby, PHP, Java, C, C++, JavaScript, XSLT, SQL. With many forum comments. [ONLamp.com] (May 12, 2003)
    http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/onlamp/2003/05/12/languagephilosophy.html
  • Why Pascal is Not My Favorite Programming Language
    Brian Kernighan's comparison of Pascal and C
    http://www.lysator.liu.se/c/bwk-on-pascal.html
  • Why to Move from ASM to C
    Brief text compares Assembly to C; lower to higher level language. ScienceProg.
    http://www.scienceprog.com/why-to-move-from-asm-to-c/
  • What's Wrong with Perl
    Author explains what he considers wrong about Perl, presents Python as an alternative. Descriptions, code samples, links.
    http://www.garshol.priv.no/download/text/perl.html
  • What Languages Fix
    Compares many languages in brief text, describes each by the problem it fixes. [Paul Graham]
    http://paulgraham.com/fix.html
  • University of Michigan's Language Guide
    Each entry includes history, description, code examples, and references.
    http://www.engin.umd.umich.edu/CIS/course.des/cis400/
  • Water Comparisons
    Two medium length documents compare object-oriented languages: Water with ConciseXML syntax, to JSP (JavaServer Pages) and Java; 1 brief list compares Water to PHP.
    http://waterlanguage.org/Comparisons.html
  • The Zen of Python
    Compares traits of many languages, without naming any; by Tim Peters.
    http://www.awaretek.com/zen.html
  • Haskell and Scheme: Which One and Why?
    Text comparison. ScienceBlogs LLC; Good Math, Bad Math. (October 24, 2006)
    http://scienceblogs.com/goodmath/2006/10/haskell_and_scheme_which_one_a.php
  • Ada and Java: Realtime Advantages
    Compares C, Ada, Java, for flaws and strengths in realtime programming, embedded software, built-in support for multithreading; text, code samples. Embedded.com. (November 11, 2003)
    http://www.embedded.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=16100316
  • ASP vs. PHP
    Brief text compares website building languages ASP, PHP on several points. [WebProNews] (December 22, 2005)
    http://www.webpronews.com/expertarticles/expertarticles/wpn-62-20051222ASPvsPHP.html
  • Comparing PHP with Other Languages
    Text compares several traits of ASP.NET, C#, PHP, Java, Lisp, Perl, Python, Ruby, Smalltalk. Article with forum posts. [Professional PHP] (February 9, 2006)
    http://www.procata.com/blog/archives/2006/02/09/comparing-php-with-other-languages/
  • A Comparison of Ada and Real-Time Java for Safety-Critical Applications
    Slide show, was Best Paper at Ada Europe 2006 Conference, Porto, Portugal. By Ben Brosgol, AdaCore; Andy Wellings, University of York, UK. Text, diagrams. [PDF] (June 6, 2006)
    http://www.adacore.com/wp-content/files/attachments/PaperPresentationAE2006-Brosgol.pdf
  • Perl vs. Python vs. Ruby
    Comparison with text, code samples, many reader comments. Michael Tsai weblog.
    http://mjtsai.com/blog/2002/11/25/perl_vs_python_vs_ruby/
  • Object-Oriented Languages in the Industry: A Comparison
    Text and tables compare 4 major OO languages: Eiffel, C++, Java, Smalltalk. Criteria chosen to suggest where Eiffel is better.
    http://archive.eiffel.com/doc/manuals/technology/oo_comparison/
  • A Comparison between 10 Languages
    Table compares 13 traits at top, 10 languages to side: BETA, C#, C++, C-Talk, Eiffel, Java, Object Pascal, Ruby, Sather, Smalltalk.
    http://www.ntecs.de/old-hp/s-direktnet/langcomp.en.html
  • A Comparison between BETA, C++, Eiffel, Java, Object Pascal, Ruby and Smalltalk
    Table compares 12 traits to side, 7 languages at top.
    http://www.ntecs.de/old-hp/s-direktnet/lang_cmp.en.htm
  • Comparing Python and Ruby
    Informal experiment on different look of Python and Ruby edit-distance programs; text, tables, download files.
    http://ruby.brian-schroeder.de/editierdistanz/
  • Comparing Mercury and Haskell
    Compares type systems, all text. Uses Haskell 98 since Mercury type system is more like Haskell than ML, and Haskell 98 is best documented, most well-known Haskell.
    http://www.cs.mu.oz.au/research/mercury/information/comparison_with_haskell.html
  • A Comparative Overview of C#
    Also compares C#, Java, C++. By Ben Albahari.
    http://genamics.com/developer/csharp_comparative.htm
  • Comparing Development Costs of C and Ada
    Article by Stephen F. Zeigler. Analysis of a case where most variables were controlled enough to make a comparison between development costs (time, error rates, code size, ...) of the 2 languages.
    http://www.adaic.com/whyada/ada-vs-c/cada_art.html
  • A Comparison of C++, FORTRAN 90 and Oberon-2 for Scientific Programming
    The report concludes by a personal assessment of the three languages with respect to the numerical context. By Bernd Mösli. The reader's experience in scientific programming in C or FORTRAN would be advantageous.
    http://www.arithmetica.ch/Oberon/CFORTRANOberon.nhtml
  • Comparison of Oberon-2 with Modula-2
    Short text summary of main features of Oberon-2; target audience: Modula-2 programmers unfamiliar with Oberon-2, but familiar with object-oriented and extensible programming concepts.
    http://www.zel.org/oberon/compo2m2.htm
  • D vs Other Languages
    Yes-No table with definitions compares D, C, C++, C#, Java, on: GC, functions, arrays, OOP, performance, reliability, compatibility, conditional compiling. [Digital Mars]
    http://www.digitalmars.com/d/comparison.html
  • Dylan Competitive Analysis
    Compares Dylan, Smalltalk, Objective-C, C/C++. Long document.
    http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~brd/cs212/handouts/comparison.htm
  • Contrast Ruby and Other Languages
    Ruby vs Perl, Python, Tcl, Java, Eiffel, C++. Very short, some humor. English, Japanese version.
    http://www.math.sci.hokudai.ac.jp/~gotoken/ruby/compar.shtml
  • The Computer Language Shootout Benchmarks
    Performance measurements and source code for ~25 benchmark programs in ~25 languages; with side-by-side comparisons for any 2 programming languages, and an interactive weighted ranking for all the languages.
    http://shootout.alioth.debian.org/
  • Comparisons of Tcl with Other Systems
    Many comparisons between Tcl/Tk and other similar systems, most copied from comp.lang.tcl.
    http://www.mathematik.uni-ulm.de/sai/ss96/uxdb2/comparison.html
  • CLOS, Eiffel, and Sather: A Comparison
    Comprehensive, many references; zipped Postscript, inlined gifs.
    http://www.icsi.berkeley.edu/~sather/Publications/tr-91-047.html
  • The Case against C
    Five short essays compare C (and C++ by extension) to Fortran: Why C is Not a Good Numerical Language, Why C is Not a Good First Language, C's Poor Loop Constructs, C's Pointers and Optimisation, Optimisation through Directives.
    http://www.tcm.phy.cam.ac.uk/~mjr/C/
  • Benchmark Execution Speed of LabVIEW Applications
    Compares 2 LabVIEW versions with C: brief text, 1 table. [National Instruments]
    http://zone.ni.com/devzone/conceptd.nsf/webmain/DC9B6DD177D91D6286256C9400733D7F
  • Ada, C, C++, and Java vs. The Steelman
    Compares 4 programming languages (Ada 95, C, C++, Java) with the needs of "Steelman", original 1978 requirements document for Ada language. Big detailed table.
    http://www.adahome.com/History/Steelman/steeltab.htm
  • ACM
    List of the famous "Hello, World!" programming teaching program, in hundreds of different languages.
    http://www2.latech.edu/~acm/HelloWorld.shtml
  • Ada 95, Java, and C++
    Some think Java is like C++. Usual C++ idioms do not apply to Java as it is not a C++ superset or subset; Java is a derivation with many modifications, extensions. Both language syntax are alike, but semantics and philosophy are very different. Java is nearer Ada 95 than C++, except in syntax.
    http://www.adahome.com/Resources/Languages/chart3.html
  • The BNF Web Club Language
    Browse, explore some programming language syntax rules, see relations between rules, understand them via BNF (Backus-Naur Form notation) and syntactic diagrams: SQL, PL/SQL, SQL2, IDL; Ada 95, Java, Modula-2; Lazy, Lisp, M5.
    http://cui.unige.ch/db-research/Enseignement/analyseinfo/
  • 99 Bottles of Beer on the Wall
    Shows source code implementation for the same simple program across over 250 different programming languages.
    http://www.99-bottles-of-beer.net/
  • C++ vs. Java vs. Python vs. Ruby: A First Impression
    Essay compares aspects of the languages, one page allows matched comparing of code of a red-black tree algorithm in each language.
    http://www.dmh2000.com/cjpr/
  • C++ Java Python Ruby Side by Side Code Comparison
    Extensive insightful comments on essay: C++ vs. Java vs. Python vs. Ruby: A First Impression. [digg]
    http://www.digg.com/programming/Ruby_Python_C_Java_Side_By_Side_Code_Comparison/
  • C# from a Java Developer's Perspective
    Thorough article by Dare Obasanjo, treats most similarities and differences between the two languages: features in Java and not in C#, and features in C# and not in Java. Text, tables, code, resources.
    http://www.25hoursaday.com/CsharpVsJava.html
  • Eiffel and Delphi Compared
    Text compares differences of several main aspects.
    http://www.berenddeboer.net/eiffel/eiffel_and_delphi.html
  • An Empirical Comparison of C, C++, Java, Perl, Python, Rexx, and Tcl for a Search/string-processing Program
    One set of requirements, 80 implementations, coded by 74 different programmers in various languages, compared for properties: run time, memory use, source text length, comment density, program structure, reliability, effort needed. [PDF]
    http://page.mi.fu-berlin.de/~prechelt/Biblio/jccpprtTR.pdf
  • Just Say No to Microsoft: Programming Languages
    Describes dozens of mostly living languages, grouped by family similarities. Most are alternatives to Microsoft.
    http://microsoft.toddverbeek.com/lang.html
  • Language Options Comparison
    Compares scripting language feature options, in various categories. Pros and cons given for each feature variant. Text, code samples, table.
    http://www.geocities.com/tablizer/langopts.htm
  • Java vs. JavaScript
    Compares similarities, differences. By First Step Communications.
    http://www.firststep.com.au/education/solid_ground/javadiff.html
  • Java vs. C#
    Code for code comparison. All features on both languages are compared.
    http://www.javacamp.org/javavscsharp/index.html
  • Java and Smalltalk Syntax Compared
    Table and notes compare some elements of syntax of Java 1.1 to Smalltalk-80.
    http://www.chimu.com/publications/JavaSmalltalkSyntax.html
  • Java Benchmark
    By Rene Grothmann. Compares sieve algorithm in Java and C/C++. Text, tables, live comparison applet.
    http://mathsrv.ku-eichstaett.de/MGF/homes/grothmann/java/bench/Bench.html
  • Languages Versus D
    Growing table compares D, C, C++, C#, Java, Delphi, Python, Perl, Eiffel, Sather, Smalltalk, Lisp/CLOS, Ada. Many clarifying comments below. [Wiki4D, Open Content]
    http://www.prowiki.org/wiki4d/wiki.cgi?LanguagesVersusD
  • Linux Number Crunching: Benchmarking Languages
    Compares performance of Intel Fortran and C++, gcc, and IBM, Sun and GNU Java compilers, on an Intel Linux platform.
    http://www.coyotegulch.com/reviews/number_crunching/
  • My Programming Language Crisis
    Some points on language design by Keith Waclena.
    http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/keith/crisis/crisis.html
  • Nine Language Performance Round-up: Benchmarking Math & File I/O
    Small-scale benchmark test run on 9 languages or variants: Java 1.3.1 and 1.4.2, C via gcc 3.3.1, Python 2.3.2 and via Psyco 1.1.1, 4 from Microsoft Visual Studio .NET 2003: Visual Basic/C#/C++/J#.
    http://www.osnews.com/story.php?news_id=5602
  • Multi-Core Ant Colony Optimization for TSP in Erlang
    Compares Erlang, GHC Haskell, Standard ML (Alice, MLton); text, tables, graphs.
    http://eric_rollins.home.mindspring.com/erlangAnt.html
  • Lisp as an Alternative to Java
    Ron Garret / Erann Gat comparison, starts from 1999 Prechelt study results, adds many insights; as text, a few tables. [Intelligence] [PDF]
    http://www.flownet.com/gat/papers/lisp-java.pdf
  • Lisp as an Alternative to Java
    Brief text on comparisons of C, C++, Java, Lisp, Ron Garret / Erann Gat study, with conforming example program Lisp source code; very useful links.
    http://www.norvig.com/java-lisp.html
  • Java and C-sharp Compared
    Briefly compares several traits; text, code samples.
    http://www.csharphelp.com/archives/archive96.html
  • Java and C++ Resource Management Comparison
    Detailed discussion of the techniques used in Java and C++ to implement leak free and exception safe resource management. Covers memory management, finalizers, destructors and finally blocks with examples.
    http://www.fatalmind.com/paper/java_vs_cplusplus/resource.pdf
  • Fortran 90 vs. Ada 95
    Compares Ada 95 to Fortran 90 via code samples, text. Well reasoned and written, many examples. Finds Ada equal or better than Fortran in all aspects but one marginal trait.
    http://fedelma.astro.univie.ac.at/web/fortran90_ada95.html
  • Four-fold Increase in Productivity and Quality
    Published internal study, of Ericsson AXD 301 ATM switch project, using Erlang, C, C++, Java. Results: programmer productivity, code error rates, roughly proportional to source code size. [PDF]
    http://www.erlang.se/publications/Ulf_Wiger.pdf
  • Forth Versus C
    Pro-Forth question and answer text, some questions have several answers.
    http://www.inventio.co.uk/forthvsc.htm
  • Forth and Not C
    Pro-Forth text explains why C is used more than Forth.
    http://www.inventio.co.uk/forthnc.htm
  • Examples of Programs in Different Programming Languages
    Compares 129 (or 157?) languages, via 418 code samples, and growing.
    http://www.ntecs.de/old-hp/uu9r/lang/html/lang.en.html
  • Guidelines for Choosing a Computer Language: Support for the Visionary Organizations
    Multipage study compares: 4GL/5GL, 3GL (Ada 95, C, C++, COBOL, FORTRAN, Java, Smalltalk), 2GL (Assembly). Divides language (definition) from traits of products that implement and support it. Several sections, tables, appendixes.
    http://archive.adaic.com/docs/reports/lawlis/content.htm
  • History and Comparison of Programming Languages
    Files compare statements in several different languages, tracing from early to present languages.
    http://www.gavilan.edu/csis/languages/history.html
  • Io Comparisons
    Compares a few variables (size, speed, syntax) in many languages: Brain, C, Cel, F-Script, Forth (gForth, pForth), Icon, Java (Kaffe), Lisp (CLisp, Guile, LispMe, Scheme48), Lua, Perl, Pike, Python, Ruby, Self, Smalltalk (GNU, Squeak, SuperCollider), Tcl.
    http://www.iolanguage.com/about/simplicity/
  • Is Turing a Better Language for Teaching Programming than Pascal?
    Compares Turing to Pascal, long text document, no tables or graphs; by Jacqueline L. Martin, 1996, many references.
    http://www.holtsoft.com/turing/essay.html
  • Inferno/Limbo vs. JavaOS/Java
    A small overview of the differences between Inferno/Limbo and JavaOS/Java.
    http://www.cs.hut.fi/~kny/inferno/compare.html
  • In Search of the Ideal Programming Language
    Article by Sergey Polak. Review and comparison programming languages in search expressive, extensible, readable, safe, portable language.
    http://members.aol.com/SergeyP/paper.html
  • HOPL: An Interactive Roster of Programming Languages
    History of Programming Languages encyclopedia, over 8,500 languages, full verified references, code samples, big bibliography, biographical-institutional material, 4,000 language family tree.
    http://hopl.murdoch.edu.au/
  • Accumulator Generator
    Compares canonical solutions to same problem as code samples in: C++, Dylan, E, Erlang, Haskell, JavaScript, Lisp (Arc, Common, Goo, Scheme), Lua, Maple, Mathematica, Oz-Mozart, NewtonScript, Perl, Python, REBOL, Ruby, Smalltalk, VBScript. [Paul Graham]
    http://www.paulgraham.com/accgen.html

 

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